Autonomy v/s Doubt or Shame in Psychosocial Stage 2

Autonomy v/s Doubt

• This period expands from 18 months to 3 yrs of age. In this period child does not want to be helped by others and develops a feeling of antonomy. He likes to work in his own way. Parents should keep a balance between rigidity and flexibility in order to develop healthy feeling of automony. Parents should determine limit of freedom for child according to the circumstances of environment. If the child in not allowed desired freedom to discover environment the child will develop mistrust in his ability to work. As a result he grows suspicious. Shame is its other feeling, therefore parents should provide encouraging environment so that the feeling of self control may develop without losing self-confidence. Ifparents are more strict and are critical the child will lose self-control and acquire suspection.

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Important Points of Human Development :- 

1. Development means proceeding towards more maturity which is not quantitatively measurable but in qualitative change.
2. Development in continuous, systematic and sequential.
3. In each cell of parents there are 23 chromosoms and these constitute 23 pairs.
4. Each choromosom has many genes and each gene determines one or the other trait or characteristic.
5. Heredity provides potentialities to develop. These potentialities develop in environment.
6. Sigmund Freud propounded psychoanalytic theory and Erikson propounded Psycho­ social theory which describe the stages of development from birth to adulthood.

Human Development Questions And Answers

1. What is the meaning of heredity?
(A) Sperm and ovam
(B) Chromosomes and genes
(C) Mitosis and Meiosis
(D) DNA and RNA

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2. Which of the following theory has been propounded by Freud?
(A) Cognitive theory
(B) Psycho-social theory
(C) Stimulus-response theory
(D) Psycho analytic theory

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3. Who out of the following has propounded psycho-social theory?
(A) Sigmund freud
(B) Erik Erikson
(C) E.B. Hurlock
(D) Not any of these

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